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Andrew Tomkinson asked:


ost of us know about animals? The answer is very little. There are almost two million species of animals on this planet today and their continued survival after one billion years is testament to their endurance and brilliance. At one extreme they are the big cats and elephants that most of us are familiar with, to the unknown animals somewhere beneath the sea bed.

Animals are usually easy to distinguish from other forms of life because most of them have the ability to move. This rule works very well for most of the animals that live on the land but it is not always the case for those that live in water. Here they live in water and in some cases have trailing arms or tentacles that make them look like plants. A reliable way of identifying animals is by their basic biological features. Their bodies are composed of many cells and they have nerves and muscles that enable them to respond to the world around them. They get the energy that they need by taking in food.

Animals are highly complex and responsive compared to other forms of life. Even the most simplest of animals react quickly to changes around them, shrinking away from potential danger or reaching out for food. The animals that are able to learn from experience and are unique to the animal world, are those animals with well developed nervous systems. The worlds largest living animals, baleen whales can live up to 25 metres long and weigh 120 tons. At the other end of the scale are microscopic organisms and sub microscopic flies and beetles. These animals are so tiny that their weight is negligible but they still possess the body systems that are needed for survival.

The different body sizes allow animals to live in different ways. Whales have few natural predators and the same is true of elephants, which is the largest land animal. They are able to process food on a very large scale because of the massive size of their bodies. However they take a long time to reach maturity, which means that they are slow to reproduce. Insects on the other hand are easy prey for many animals and their small size means that their bodies are not as energy efficient as large animals. But because they can breed very quickly when the conditions are in their favour, their numbers can rise at a very fast rate.

Almost all of the world’s largest and most familiar animals are vertebrates; these are animals that have backbones. They include the fastest animals on land, sea and air and also the world’s most intelligent species (homo sapiens). Vertebrates are all related to each other, sharing a common ancestry that goes back millions of years. However despite the fact that vertebrates lead the animal kingdom in many fields, they only make up a small minority of the animal species known today. The vast majority of species are invertebrates - animals without backbones.

Invertebrates often have very little in common with each other (unlike vertebrates), apart from their lack of a backbone. The giant squid which is the largest invertebrate, can measure over 16 metres long but it is very much an exception. Most of the invertebrates are very small and live in inaccessible habitats.

Most animals are cold blooded (ectothermic), which means that their body temperature is determined by that of their surroundings. The ability to generate their own heat and to maintain a constant internal temperature, regardles of the conditions outside, is particular to warm blooded (endothermic) birds and mammals. This difference in body temperature has some far reaching effects on the ways that animals lead their lives; this is because animal bodies work best when they are warm. Reptiles, amphibians and insects are cold blooded animals. They can exist very easily when the conditions are warm but if the temperature drops, there work rate and energy slows down. They are able to absorb some heat by being out in the sunshine but if the temperature falls below about 50 degrees fahrenheit, their muscles work so slowly that they find it difficult to move. Mammals and birds are hardly affected by this kind of temperature change. When the temperature falls below freezing, their internal heat and good insulation helps them to remain active.

In a physical way vertebrates function as separate units even though they may live together in families or in larger groups. In the invertebrate world it is not unusual for animals to be permanently linked to together, forming clusters that are known as colonies. These colonies often look and behave like single animals. Most are static but some, particularly those that live in the sea, are able to move around. Colonial species include some of the world’s most amazing invertebrates. Pyrosomes, for example, form colonies that are shaped like test tubes which are large enough for a diver to swim enter. However in ecological terms the most important colonial animals are reef building corals, which create complex structures that provide havens for a range of other animals. In reef building corals, the members of each colony are usually identical. But in some colonial species, the members have different shapes that are designed for different tasks. An example of this is the Portuguese man o’ war which looks like separate animals, called polyps that capture food, digest it, or reproduce. They use a giant filled polyp as the colony’s float and dangle beneath it.

Animals obtain their energy from organic matter or food. They are able to break food up by digesting it and then absorb the substances that are released. These substances go into the animals cells where they are combined with oxygen to release energy. This process is called cellular respiration and is a controlled form of burning, with food acting as the fuel.

The majority of animals are either herbivores who eat only plants, omnivores which eat both plants and other animals and carnivores which eat other animals. There are also scavengers that feed on dead matter. All animals, regardless of their lifestyle ultimately provide food for other animals. All are connected by food chains which pass food and energy to one another. 90 per cent of an animal’s energy is used to make its own body work and therefore food chains are rarely more than six links long.

MIKE SELVON asked:


Being a pet owner is a wonderful opportunity to find unrequited love. There is just something about owning a pet that can bring out the best, or worst, in people. An animal is a huge responsibility and it is up to the pet owner to ensure that their animal is receiving quality medical care, food, water and attention. When these situations are not being met then animal cruelty is the result.

It is a sad state of affairs when animals are not receiving the help and care that they so desperately need. There are many animals that need love and attention that are simply not receiving it.

It is our job as the owners to see to it that animals are not abused and left neglected or roaming around on the streets as stray animals. This article will cover the basics of animal cruelty and hopefully by the end you will be doing your part to stop this travesty.

What are some of the laws that govern animal cruelty?

There are many laws that govern people who own animals as pets or livestock. The law ensures that people must take responsibility for owning an animal. The animal should receive proper nutrition, water, and medical care when necessary.

Should these laws be broken then the proper animal protection agencies of that area can step in and levy fines, arrest and take the animals away from the owners. There have been cases where offenders have spent prison time and faced stiff penalties and national censure such as in the cases involving dog fighting.

Is having too many animals considered animal cruelty?

There is such a thing as having too many animals. It can come in the form of hoarders or breeders. It all depends on whether or not the animals are being cared for properly. Hoarders do not realize that they are harming their pets.

They mistakenly believe that they are the only ones capable of caring for their animals. Having too many animals in many cities is against the law because having too many may limit the ability to care for the animals in the proper way.

Breeders will often house several animals so that they can make money on the puppies. The animals are kept in cages that often damage the soles of their feet in such a way as it makes it impossible for them to walk properly.

They are often not cared for nor provided with the proper medical attention. The goal of some breeders, not every breeder, is just to make money. There are some breeders who actually love and care for their animals properly.

How do animal cruelty laws affect breeders?

In the case of bad breeders the proper animal protection agencies will come in and seize all of the animals. They fine the breeder for having a) too many animals to be able to care for properly and b) not taking proper care of the animals.

Some cities limit the amount of pets that any one owner can possess in a household. This applies to breeders as well. The breeder can be fined and face possible prison sentences if they break these laws.

In the case of bad breeders, what happens to the animals?

In the case of bad breeders who are improperly caring for their animals the animal welfare unit will seize all of the animals. The animals are then placed in foster homes, put up for adoption or will be euthanized if they are in too bad of shape. It is a sad condition that any animal should have to be put down just because someone did not care for the animal properly.

Joan Shine asked:


The old adage “you can clue an animal to water, but you can’t make him choice” was definitely coined by somebody who knew nothing about affection-based animal teaching. If that anyone had known about, and had practical the principles of education animals based ahead affection and relationship-edifice strategies, the slogan most maybe would not even survive.

Let’s originate by exploring the center of teaching exotic animals, which is called operant conditioning. This prime education policy lays the foundation ahead which the principles of affection-based schooling are built. Through operant conditioning, exotic animals learn from their own behaviors as they are relevant to the environments in which they exist. The probability that a limited animal conduct moreover increases or decreases is frankly proportionate to the consequences the animal experiences. In other lexis, certain fallout fabricate convinced behaviors in exotic animals, resultant in the enlarged chances that such conduct will be recurring.

It is amazing how parallel affection-based teaching in exotic animals compares to the same techniques when applied to be beings. For instance, a baby who brings home a fantastic account license basically because he chose to request himself at educate is prone to maintain making high marks when he receives recognition and praise from his parents. If the same teen’s parents pay no attention to his accomplishments at teach, it is exceedingly doable that the daughter’s enthusiasm for a job well done will be significantly, if not completely diminished. The teen’s approach promptly changes to a “why worry?” mindset.

Exotic animals reply precisely the same way … No praise, no motivation to recur the assured conduct. Without a confirmed outcome, the animal is far fewer potential to duplicate the certain, beloved behavior.

Acclimating Exotic Animals to New Environments

Building a strapping relationship with an exotic animal should instigate in the first probable playhouse of the animal’s life. Whether you have a young tiger cub, a babe bronzed develop, a baby elephant or any other exotic animal, it is essential that the animal becomes acclimated and is comfortable with the creature proclaim and the soul stir. Begin with container-feeding and elicit the animal as part of your family, much as you would a new baby. As the animal grows, so does the relationship, with the animal accepting you as a part of its tribe.

Again, this part of the exotic animal schooling experience is intriguingly like that of the soul experience. Consider the post in which a new worker comes on stay as the outcome of her issue’s being acquired by your business. If the new employee is treated with a “hands-off” attitude, it is very probable that her potential for high performance on the job will never be realized. However, if she is tenderly standard, treated with reverence and given believe for what she brings to the diagram, it is awfully likely that she will present well in her new business environment and be a valued portion of your lineup.

Positive Reinforcement in Training Exotic Animals

It is a given that exotic animals respond to experience they perceive as corporeal. In other words, a tiger will achieve as preferred if it receives a convinced rejoinder as an experience it can feel, think, see or taste. These forms of reinforcement are important and certain, providing the tiger with a spur, whether as a rub down, uttered praise, food or even opportunities for mating.

An exact and amazing example of how teaching exotic animals with certain reinforcement generates preferred behavior can also be witnessed by observing the outcome in humans when they are also provided their respective stimuli. Think back to your younger time when you and your classmates each expected a crate of chocolates to retail to lift money for your teach. What could perhaps motivate kids to give up riding their bikes and playing ball after teach to go door-to-door difficult to market candy? Simple, it was the imply of an ice-cream troop for the caste who sold the most.

Another practice for teaching exotic animals to exhibit and recap positive behavior involves with conditioned reinforcement. This formed of reinforcement not practice or involuntary, but sooner is scholarly. Your exotic animal will learn over a stage of time and through repetition that if she performs the appropriate and preferred behavior that she will earn a jovial “Good Girl” and a well-deserved back rug.

For an idea of how conditioned reinforcement facility in schooling exotic animals, consider a greatly exotic species we call the being teenager. He would most possibly move gradually each morning the first week of his new summer job. However, once he earns his first wages, he is more likely than not to have a little bounce in his stage the trice week. He has erudite direct, and much to his delight, that departing to work equals a salary, which is his spur. Likewise, if the top yearly producer on your sales employees is recognized with an “all expenses salaried” golf falter, it is an assured bet that he will be an amazing go-getter next year and put onward his best labors towards achieving the same reward.

Regardless of the species of exotic animal with which you are effective, a strategically devised training diagram that incorporates basics of both principal reinforcement and conditional reinforcement ensures you the best outcome in achieving desired results with your animal. Relationships that are established and fostered early on in which the animal is nurtured intensely permit you to become the leader pretty than tiresome to assume the task as master, which inevitably leads to frustration for both you and your animal.

Achieve amazing results in exotic animal training by putting relationship-structure, affection-based training concepts to work for you today. The method ensures best results every time. Both you and your exotic animal deserve the best opportunity for winner, and hands-down, these principles of animal training are the stepping shingle ahead which you can achieve the winner you each deserve.

Danna Schneider asked:


Animal cruelty is something that is close to many people’s hearts. Many think of it as an abuse that is akin to child abuse, since animals are also defenseless against the hands or neglect of humans.

It tends to rouse similar anger and outrage as well, and there are now many agencies that are set up to help prevent animal cruelty, and also shelters where rescued animals find solace and comfort from their abusive or neglectful environments.

Years ago, there were not even any laws set up to protect animals from abuse, and abusers were able to get away with doing just about anything they wanted without consequence.

Now, there are animal protection laws set up in almost every state, and if you are found guilty of inhumane treatment of an animal, you are subject to anything from fines to community service, to jail time.

While we’ve come a long way in legislating animal protection laws, there is still room for improvement, as they are not stiff enough penalties in most people’s eyes, and it seems that it’s still taken rather lightly.

While I’m not aligned with the extreme mentality of animal rights groups that preach vegetarianism and use tactics that I don’t deem appropriate to get their point across, I certainly admire what they are trying to do, which is drawing attention to the animal kingdom and getting the word out that our furry friends need our help when they do not have a voice of their own to defend themselves.

One can read about stories of inhumane treatment weekly in any newspaper, and some of the stories are enough to make one nauseous. There are stories of animals left in homes without food or water, in their own waste and crawling with fleas and ticks, stories of farm animals abandoned, neglected, underfed and abused, and horrifying tales of household pets being beaten, starved, deprived of care, and even killed at the hands of the very people who are supposed to take care of them, that all still need to be addressed.

There are some steps you can take to make sure you are not a silent voice in the quest to prevent animal cruelty, you just need to be aware of your surroundings and know what to look for.

You can report any suspicions to the local police, or if you have an agency that works with abused animals, you can call on them to investigate and rectify also, usually the APL (Animal Protective League) and other similar shelters and animal rights nonprofit organizations will be able to help as well.

Some of the signs to look for you may already know, as most people who are animal lovers have a built in instinct for knowing when an animal has been abused or neglected. Many animals who have been physically abused will be hand shy.

They will not want to come near you or any other person, and may be especially leery of their owners or react in an aggressive way toward them or others.

While this does not always indicate abuse, as some animals are just tempered that way, it is a good underlying factor to look at when determining if an animal has been physically abused.

If an animal has patches of fur missing or looks extremely thin, or even if they are overrun with fleas, this may indicate neglect. Another one to look for is animals that you see outside on extremely cold days, tied to a chain for hours without any warm shelter. This is dangerous and can be abuse if the animal does not have a place of shelter to retreat to.

Likewise if they are left chained outside for hours without food or water - water of course being the most vital of the two. Use your judgment, there are always animals that may be acclimated to certain situations, but if you consistently see this, and are suspicious it may be worth an investigation by an officer of an animal protection agency or the police department.

Of course the most obvious thing to look out for is actually witnessing an act of animal abuse. If you see a person physically assaulting an animal, please make sure you report this immediately, as this is the most blatant and obvious form of animal abuse and certainly warrants a report for investigation.

If we all do our part in preventing animal cruelty, we can make this world a better and safer place for our furry friends who entrust us with their life and well being. If we don’t look out for them, who will?

Christine Richard asked:


Shipping animals requires research and choosing an experienced cargo shipping company. When you ship an animal, there are many different things that you will need to consider. Among the most important is which shipping company you are going to use, and what kind of documentation you need to ship your animals.

Picking Your Air Freight Service for Shipping Animals

If you are shipping small animals, then you will need an air freight service that can tell you exactly what you need to make the process quick and efficient. Since you will need to care for the animals while they are begin held in quarantine, knowing what you need to provide is just a small portion of the whole shipping cycle. You will also need to bring in documentation that gives you permission to ship the animals.

The right shipping company can prepare you for the shipping, and help you prepare the documentation you need for shipping and customs. If you are shipping a rare or protected animal, then you will also need to provide accurately completed documentation from the country that you are shipping the animal from, and from the institution where you are shipping the animal to. It is illegal to ship animals without going through the proper channels and with inaccurate documentation; the animal could be stuck in customs for quite some time.

Common Issues while Shipping Animals

Shipping animals can be frustrating if you have chosen the wrong cargo shipping company. You can be prepared for the most common imports and customs issues by talking to the customer support center for the shipping company, who should be able to provide you with all of the details that you need to ship your animals.

Typically, when you are shipping animals, you will need to have proof of vaccinations, permission to take the animals out of the country or ownership documentation, and may have to allow the animals to spend some time in quarantine. This is especially true if you are carrying an animal overseas which can have potentially damaging effects on the natural flora or fauna of the country that you are shipping to. There are exceptions, however, such as shipping animals to zoos or other government recognized institutes.

The Costs of Shipping Animals

The costs of shipping animals will vary greatly depending on the type of animals that you are shipping and the kind of care the animals will need during the transportation process. For particularly rare or dangerous animals, a professional handler may be allowed to accompany the animal on board the air carrier or ocean cargo ship.

You will also need to consider the care of the animals while they are being shipped, especially if they are on an ocean cargo ship. Shipping animals can be complicated, but with the help of a good shipping company, you will have nothing to worry about.

The last factor that you will need to consider is the actual price of the shipping services from the company that you choose.